Health Issues of Indigenous Australians Essay -- Sociology

As health professionals, we must look beyond individual attributes of Indigenous Australians to gain a greater understanding and a possible explanation of why there are such high rates of ill health issues such as alcoholism, depression, abuse, shorter life expectancy and higher prevalence of diseases including diabetes, heart disease and obesity in our indigenous population. Looking at just the individual aspects and the biomedical health model, we don’t get the context of Aboriginal health. This is why we need to explore in further detail what events could have created such inequities in Aboriginal health. Other details that we should consider are the historical and cultural factors such as, ‘terra nullius’, dispossession and social Darwinism, early attempts of genocide towards Indigenous Australians, segregation and the ‘protection’ legislation, the assimilation policy, self-determination and â€Å"the emergence of Indigenous protest† (Psych ology and Indigenous Australians, Foundations of Cultural Competence, 2009, pp.84) as well as the limiting factors of being part of a low socioeconomic status group and statistical health differences between Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians compared to other countries Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. By encompassing all of these details, we can begin to establish why Aboriginal’s tend to have more health issues and what can be done to improve these health inequities. When the English settlers arrived on Australian shores in 1776 (The Story of the Australian People, 2010), they didn’t see anything that represented that the land was owned, so they claimed it as their own under ‘terra nullius’ in 1776. â€Å"In International Law 'terra nullius' describes territory that n... ...=33 Australian Museum. (2011). Indigenous Australia Timeline - 1901 to 1969. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http://australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Timeline-1901-to-1969 Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. (2008). Wave Hill Walk-Off Route more information. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/wave-hill/information.html Australia Bureau of Statistics. (2010). ADULT HEALTH: RISK FACTORS AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter750Oct+2010 Australia Bureau of Statistics. . (2010). ACCESS TO HEALTH AND COMMUNITY SERVICES: ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter955Oct+2010 Indigenous Health Lecture, Slide 8.

Tracking & Measuring Crime

In Chapter 3 of our text we learn how about the different tools to track crime, criminal behaviors, measure crime, and crime rate. Discuss and define the different types of measuring tools used such as the UCR, National Incident-based reporting, victim surveys, and self-reported survey. Discuss both the positives and negative of each of the methods used to measure crime. Then respond to at least two peer posts. 1. Discuss and define the different types of measuring tools used such as the UCR.The Uniformed Crime Report; (UCR): This is a report used by the Federal Bureau of Investigations; this report aids the FBI by giving them an indication as to criminal activities her in the United States. The FBI collects its data of information from all the Law Enforcement Agencies here in the USA. Upon receiving all the current activity throughout the USA, the FBI is able to generate with almost complete accuracy as to the type of crime, as well as what, when, where, and why a type of incident m ay occur. The (UCR) is based on three parts. (a) The accurate number of people arrested. b) The number of Crimes reported by Victims, witnesses, or the police themselves. (c) The number of Law Enforcement Officers. Upon the FBI receiving all the required data, the data is then compiles the information and it is then presented in two important ways: 1a. I have read that in according to our learning material, class book. (â€Å"Criminal Justice in Action†). By, Larry K. Gaines, & Roger Leroy Miller if you look back at the year 2010, it was composed of people totaling 100,000 individual, the Crime rate was reported to be 3,346 reports over all in the United States.These reports were considered Part I class offences, as these types of criminal activity are the more serious type crimes one can commit, as they range from Murder, Bank Robbery, Forcible Rape, Aggravated Battery, Robbery, B&E, Larceny / Theft, Auto Theft, and even Arson (Fire) not naturally caused, caused by mankind. 1b. Now there is also Part II Offenses which consist of all other criminal activity from Loitering all the way to Vagrancy and any other laws that go against one State, County, or Municipal City level.These types of crimes happen often and because of their commonality with every day Society the percentage usually will usually out way Part I Criminal Offenses. 1C. I truly believe that this system was a great way to pinpoint criminal activity for this period of time, when first placed into effect this was an exceptional system for the Law Enforcement Agencies to be able to apply common sense criminal activity, whereas a prediction of what type of crime may occur.Now one must realize that this tool was only effective as the Officers who filed reports willingly and timely, as crime rate would rise reporting would dwindle. This could be due to pride, as each agency and the officer that belonged to its organization. The many Local Law Enforcement Agencies frowned upon the interference of the FBI creating errors in the actual percentage of active crime in any given period of time. This was not an error in the Tool reporting, but Human error over jealousy between Local, State, and County Law Officials against Federal direction involvement 2.Discuss and define the National Incident-Based Reporting System. The (NIBRS) has come into play because the (UCR) was with flaw. The FBI and several State Law Enforcement agencies are currently operating under the National Incident Based Reporting System as it was introduced since the 1980’s. The (NIBRS) was found to be a more productive way in pinpointing Criminal Activity. It was required that each Local Law Enforcement Agency were to call in all Criminal Activity within twenty-two different offences categories.The (NIBRS) is made up of forty-six specific crimes classified as Group Offenses, all these offenses are recorded on a computerized record system on a daily basis which is provided though not fully financed by the F ederal Government. The (NIBS) was introduced to the local agencies in 1989 and has take twenty-two years to reach 36 States, allowing on average of up to 40% of all agencies within those States to utilize the new system. Thought the system is limited, criminologists have acted out enthusiastically because how the new system can provide information.The system provides about for data sets that include Offenses, Victims, Offenders, and daily arrestees. This newer system has truly outweighed the Uniformed Crime Report, aka; (UCR). 3. The NIBRS is a new methodology for the Uniform Crime Report. It is stronger than the UCR because it collects more detailed information about the crimes. One of the strength is the recording of relationships between the victim and offender, another is the use of 22 categories of crime, and another is the fact that multiple crimes can be reported in one incident. http://wiki. answers. om/Q/Strengths_of_NIBRS: (Bing. com Search Web – Link). 4. Discuss a nd define the victim surveys. The victim survey is just what it says. The survey was performed by our own government in order to find out who and how many individuals suffered by becoming a victim of a crime. These victims who responded were innocent of crime, as the criminal act was against them by the hand of another. The actual definition of Victim Survey is: A method in which gathering information which requires a participant that is anyone willing to open up to Government Law Enforcement whether it be Local or Federal.Participants; participants must be willing to reveal in detail any incidents of a criminal activity brought against them or any criminal act they may have committed. I truly believe that if given the opportunity to feel safe, many individuals would come through in order to clean up their community and keep the rest of society thankful. It is truly sad, however; I believe that less if not any would want to either testify against another anymore. Since 1989, many ha ve come to fear repercussion for opening up to the Law unless they truly feel safe guarded by the chances of being reduced to ash. 5.Discuss and define the self-reported survey. The principles are nearly the same, however; it only focuses on offenders. Offenders are individuals who have committed crimes and never were arrested, nor even cited for the crime they have committed in the past. I truly find this to be an informative way to create better laws within a society it is like we use to say in the Marine Corps, â€Å"It’s to keep an honest person honest. † I believe that if in the right situation and at the right time a survey should conducted again just to see what crimes even though they me be petty ones are being conducted by the populous.I also believe that there unintentional crime that every person may be guilty of a good example of a small petty crime that many never catch onto is the taken of a Government ink pen that was purchased with government funds. I w as guilty of this numerous times as I would remove the pen from my desk off the base without any knowledge until I was already off the base in route to home. 6. Well, I want to state that there are many positive factors when you come right down to it. I believe that both the (UCR), as well as the (NIBRS) re very useful because it truly provides a better means to track crime and one can use this information to create a better means in reducing crime, All it takes is for each officer to make sure that their reports are finished and that everyone that has been detained is placed into the report process. Crime is always going to exist and if tracking each Part one Offense is quickly placed into the system an accurate report can be generated. Now, nothing is ever flawless and there are many factors that bring out the negative perspective in the failure of these two systems.One each agency needs to share and at time sharing information between each agency is like telling a deaf dog to fet ch. What I am stating is that if an agency is not willing to open up and share information then there will be definite negative accountability in the accuracy in the percentages of these tools they use to generate the percentage of crime. I also believe that News agencies also report thing wrong more often than none, only because of inaccurate reporting due to human error.All Law Enforcement Agencies no matter if they are State or Federal, as each agency needs to operate as a team. Each Division when compiling data and criminal trends. Need to reflect and show exactly whether they are Part I, or Part II Offenses. I also believe that as a society we should be given surveys to be answered every eight to ten years like that of the Population Census Report. I honestly believe that if this were a tool used often we could narrow down crime and fight back to win over a Nation at odds with issues of Law.As I have mentioned earlier, many will willingly open up to self surveys as long as no r epercussion is given to the ones who answer honestly. Many feel fear when it comes to reporting crime and this is another factor in misrepresentation of percentage of actual crime committed. 7. Let’s take a look at what has been recently placed on world news by Good Morning America about the FBI investigation that has been taking place here in Albuquerque, NM for the first two weeks in March, 2013 an Officer is on trial for the wrongful Shooting Death of a Marine Corps Veteran.Now if the individual’s mental health status had been placed into a shared system I honestly believe the Officer would not have shot this Marine who had suffered with PTSD and had done Crack Cocaine and was apprehended several months ago. I bet this was a Part I level offense, however along the line this was never reported properly and when these two had their confrontation well a sadden event had already occurred. This is the flaw that I mentioned and lately well after 911 all the agencies have started to revert back to their old habits and that keeping one another in the Dark.I honestly find situations like this when listening on a police scanner. It is as if one hand is not aware of the other. Uniform Crime Reports and Index of Crime in Albuquerque in the State of New Mexico enforced by Albuquerque from 1985 to 2005 Number of Violent Crimes Reported by Albuquerque by Year and Total| Year|   Population| Murder/ Man- slaughter| Rape| Robbery| Aggravated Assault| Total Violent Crime| 2005| 490,631| 53| 285| 1,150| 3,182| 4,670| 2004| 479,074| 44| 235| 1,238| 3,206| 4,723| 2003| 468,764| 52| 263| 1,080| 3,045| 4,440| 2002| 457,488| 54| 293| 1,295| 3,250| 4,892| 2001| 451,098| 36| 219| 1,610| 3,396| 5,261| 000| 448,607| 38| 239| 1,547| 3,317| 5,141| 1995| 419,714| 56| 296| 1,623| 2,763| 4,738| 1990| 384,736| 35| 222| 1,030| 3,835| 5,122| 1985| 357,051| 43| 238| 1,247| 2,578| 4,106| 1980| 328,837| 52| 217| 914| 1,630| 2,813| | New Mexico Counties| In 1930, the FBI assumed re sponsibility for managing the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, collecting data from 400 cities. By 2006, over 15,000 law enforcement agencies submitted crime reports to the FBI, but since not all jurisdictions provide reports there is a possibility that you won't find complete data on some of our agency crime report pages.In every case where the FBI has assigned a population to a jurisdiction, we are providing a page even though it may be blank. When a city located in a county starts submitting its own reports, the population assigned to the county is reduced to reflect that fact. Number of Property Crimes  Reported by Albuquerque by Year and Total. UCR Crime Statistics prepared by the: The Disaster Center in association with the: Index of the State of New Mexico Uniform Crime Reports Index of United State's  Crime Reports Year|   Population| Burglary| Larceny Theft| Vehicle Theft| Total Property Crime| 2005| 490,631| 5,744| 20,703| 3,796| 30,243| 004| 479,074| 5,243| 20 ,469| 3,845| 29,557| 2003| 468,764| 5,543| 19,663| 4,088| 29,294| 2002| 457,488| 5,452| 21,371| 4,050| 30,873| 2001| 451,098| 6,585| 23,535| 4,162| 34,282| 2000| 448,607| 7,120| 22,842| 4,349| 34,311| 1995| 419,714| 8,362| 23,461| 4,995| 36,818| 1990| 384,736| 9,497| 22,130| 1,973| 33,600| 1985| 357,051| 9,186| 17,935| 1,932| 29,053| 1980| 328,837| 7,469| 15,805| 1,338| 24,612| | The UCR can be presented here because of the hard work of law enforcement statisticians who must classify and score each crime according to the strict criteria developed for the UCR.Some agency's crime reports do not have a population associated with them, these may include: the highway patrol, state police, a drug enforcement agency, an environmental enforcement agency, transportation utility, colleges, and others. Areas may have many agencies performing the same or different law enforcement functions, and a population can only be assigned once, so it is not possible to formulate a crime rate for every age ncy. The UCR does not include a record of every crime reported to law enforcement, and every agency does not submit data in the form that the FBI requests.The most accurate number of crimes reported are those involving death. The least  accurate is  the number of rapes that are reported. The number of case of rape reported does not include attempted rapes. Aggravated Assault does not include cases of simple assault, (which are the largest number of assaults reported to police) and so constitutes only a portion of the total number of reported assaults. The number of Aggravated Assaults used here was arrived at by subtracting the number of Simple Assaults from  the Total Assaults reported by each agency.For a few agencies, this process resulted in the generation of a negative number (their UCR report wrongly indicates that there were more simple assaults  than the total number of reported assaults). The magnitude of a threat/risk is measured by its frequency and effect. By thi s definition crime may well constitute the  single greatest risk/threat we face today. If you have questions, comments, or suggestions, please see our  FAQ page  first at:  http://www. disastercenter. com/UCR. html  and feel free to post a message to  [email  protected] com. National Criminal Victimization Survey, 1996 estimate that only   37% of rapes are reported to policeThe Disaster Center  provides online coverage of disasters in the United States, compiling and providing links to disaster related statistics and studies:  US Crimes  Data from 1960  Ã‚  Tornado,  Illnesses, Fatal  Motor Vehicle Traffic Injury and Fatality Data,  Ã‚  Child Nursery Equipment and Toys: Accident Rates by Age,  Sports ; Recreational Equipment: Injuries by Age and Sex,  Home, Heating, Plumbing, and Appliance: Injuries by Cause, Age, and Rate,  Furniture, furnishings, household, and personal use items: Accident injury rates by Age,  Home, Work Tools and Misc.Items: Accident Injury rates by Age. US Cause of Death Data  ,  US Anti–terrorism Threat/Risk Policy prior to September 11, 2001,  Ã‚  US Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism Policy prior to 9–11  Ã‚  Atlantic Hurricane pages and index. Total student, Number of school–associated Violent Deaths and Number of Homicides and Suicides of Youth Ages 5–19, by Location: 1992–2002  Ã‚  Crimes and Indexes for USA Metropolitan Statistical Areas   Violent Crime Index base upon 100,000 People. Year|   Population| Murder/ Man- slaughter| Rape| Robbery| Aggravated Assault| Total Violent Crime| 2005| 490,631| 10. | 58. 1| 234. 4| 648. 6| 951. 8| 2004| 479,074| 9. 2| 49. 1| 258. 4| 669. 2| 985. 9| 2003| 468,764| 11. 1| 56. 1| 230. 4| 649. 6| 947. 2| 2002| 457,488| 11. 8| 64. 0| 283. 1| 710. 4| 1,069. 3| 2001| 451,098| 8. 0| 48. 5| 356. 9| 752. 8| 1,166. 3| 2000| 448,607| 8. 5| 53. 3| 344. 8| 739. 4| 1,146. 0| 1995| 419,714| 13. 3| 70. 5| 386. 7| 658. 3| 1,128. 9| 1990| 384,736| 9. 1| 57. 7| 267. 7| 996. 8| 1,331. 3| 1985| 357,051| 12. 0| 66. 7| 349. 2| 722. 0| 1,150. 0| 1980| 328,837| 15. 8| 66. 0| 277. 9| 495. 7| 855. 4| Property Crime Index per 100,000 People. | | | | | Year|   Population| Burglary| Larceny Theft| Vehicle Theft| Total Property Crime| 2005| 490,631| 1,170. 7| 4,219. 7| 773. 7| 6,164. 1| 2004| 479,074| 1,094. 4| 4,272. 6| 802. 6| 6,169. 6| 2003| 468,764| 1,182. 5| 4,194. 6| 872. 1| 6,249. 2| 2002| 457,488| 1,191. 7| 4,671. 4| 885. 3| 6,748. 4| 2001| 451,098| 1,459. 8| 5,217. 3| 922. 6| 7,599. 7| 2000| 448,607| 1,587. 1| 5,091. 8| 969. 4| 7,648. 3| 1995| 419,714| 1,992. 3| 5,589. 8| 1,190. 1| 8,772. 2| 1990| 384,736| 2,468. 4| 5,752. 0| 512. 8| 8,733. 3| 1985| 357,051| 2,572. 7| 5,023. | 541. 1| 8,136. 9| 1980| 328,837| 2,271. 3| 4,806. 3| 406. 9| 7,484. | This report was provided by: (Google Search – (URL); Http://www. disastercenter. com/newmexic/crime/8543. htm). This link will take one to view an act ual published (UCR); provided by Albuquerque, New Mexico City Law Enforcement. Now, currently have a much broader reason why this report even though more accurate still is with Flaws as Rape Victims especially Female are more likely to not report their encounter after suffering from unwanted sexual activity that was consensual.Now, as we are aware natural disasters occur around the United States. I find it true that it is actually impossible to provide a true accurate account of class type of crime whether it be Offense I, or Offense II type. This is why during a Disaster it is up to each and every person Moral obligation of duty to report any and all crime, however; just because it is the ethical approach, not all in Society would report such crimes. Then there are the crimes that gone not unseen just unreported by the many in Society that believe, â€Å"See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil! means safety from the criminal elements as they Reported no wrong against themselves a nd others. We, as a notion of laws that are governed by both Federal and State need to put the word out in a manner that truly allows one to be safe of retaliation of others. Then there is the elderly who have and are today being abused as they are an easy target every walk of life. The elderly fear retaliation like any other person who fears the fact that they are unprotected because there are more people committing crime than preventing crime

The Events Of The World War I - 1455 Words

The events of 6th June 1944 is widely regarded as one of the most significant things that led to the success of the Allies in World War 1. It did not only allow them the start the liberation of Eastern Europe but also reach Berlin to end the reign of the Nazis and Adolf Hitler over Europe. However there are other battles (Stalingrad, the Battle of Britain etc.) that could have been just as significant as D-Day. From the beginning of the Allied planning the collectively realised that it would not be easy for them to land on France and therefor it would be incredibly significant if they were able to. The meticulous preparation made sure that every aspect was perfect: the weather, the location and the 156,000 troops that were going to be used. Previously attempts to break through the line of Nazis on the french coast, there had been an attack at Dieppe which had failed, this showed that they had to get everything right. The allies used various ways to trick Hitler. For example, they bom bed the area around Calais to make him think that they would land further north, this meant that the germans were focused on protecting northern France. Instead they disembarked around Normandy which gave them the element of surprise when starting their reconquest of Europe. This significantly allowed the allies to quickly gain back the parts of France that had been occupied by Germany for the last couple of years. D-Day also significantly created a two front war that Germany had to fight.Show MoreRelatedThe Events Of World War I1178 Words   |  5 PagesHow One Thing Led to Another; WWI No single person or event caused the Great War. However, there were many factors that contributed to the world’s first war. The events that started World War I were a case of one thing led to another(CITE). Many agree that the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, ultimately led to the beginning of World War I. The major causes of the World War I were embedded deep in European history during the previous 19th century. It really all began during the 1800Read MoreThe Events Of World War I1684 Words   |  7 Pagescase with many wars, a foundation has to be set before the situation can escalate into a fully fledged war. Some concede that ephemeral events just before the outbreak of war are more inciteful of the fighting rather than long held animosity between nations. Others hold credence in the idea that wars often begin long before the first shot is fired, with their sole reason for starting being traced back to previous conflicts and tensions with other countries. The tensions of World War I could be observedRead MoreThe Events Of World War I1245 Words   |  5 PagesCertain aspects of German society following the events of World War I became radically unstable. 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The war started in 1914 ending in 1919, and has been described variously as the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Great Warà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the War of Nationsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½War to End All Warsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. (Dwight E, 1966) It was fought by many nations around the world, with Europeans being the main players, and is very significant for the way it shaped the continents yearsRead MoreEvents and Treaties of World War I1317 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently discussing the events and treaties of World War 1. I found this subject very interesting and the fact that many soldiers suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder piqued my curiosity. My teacher discussed how towards the end of the war soldiers portrayed symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and often fled during war which led to most of them being captured by their government and killed. I want to learn more about this topic because it is very interesting to me. I also want to learnRead MoreEvents Leading up to World War I1291 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing agitation for war (cnparm). The German Army opens an anti-Russian Press campaign on the 11th and 22nd of March, a German newspaper predicts that â€Å"a war, the like of which history ha s never seen, is approaching† (cnparm). In April, the influential Pan-German League warns that â€Å"France and Russia are preparing for the decisive struggle with Germany and Austria-Hungary and they intend to strike at the first opportunity† (cnparm). â€Å"When May arrives, the last pre-war staff talks take placeRead MoreWorld War I: Description of Key Events Essay655 Words   |  3 Pagesmountain-top. The hill was significant, due to the fact that the Central Powers could identify the Ally soldiers from kilometres away and therefore easily prepare for battle. Vimy Ridge is significant to our understanding of Canada because this was the event where Canada showed that they were worthy of independence from Britain. The Canadians proved to be an effective and formidable group that deserved sovereignty and respect. Nationalism Nationalism is the belief that one’s nation is superior in all waysRead MoreWhat Events Drew The United States Into World War I988 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved that World War I was initialized by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, others believe that there were a number of issues that played into the start of the war. There are said to be four areas that played into the cause of World War I, including the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the other three are imperialism, militarism, and nationalism. In this paper, we will discuss all of these areas to see how they played a part. We will also discuss what events drew the United

The Smoking Should Be Banned - 860 Words

On August 31, 2008, Maine made the law for no smoking in cars with children under 18. Warnings were given out until 2009 of September 1st; but starting September 2nd of 2009, fines of fifty dollars would be given out if caught by police. The making of this aw, is to limit teenagers with their license to stop smoking in cars. Smoking should be banned in motor vehicles in all states if person is/are over 16 of age. For teens, smoking is a distraction just like talking on the phone or texting while driving. Cars the popular place where teens or adults smoke their cigarettes. It makes the time goes faster when you’re driving. Maine was the first community to make the law for adults over 18 to not smoke in the car with children under 18. Only a few people have been caught and/or warned about the new law of no smoking with children under 18. In my opinion and what other people have states, â€Å"This law should have been made the year smoking became popular, decades ago.† Sec ond hand smoking is states it’s more dangerous than actually smoking the cigarette. Now that you know that Maine’s law of no smoking in cars with children under 18, I’m going to talk about other states. There are 7 other states and communities that have banned smoking in cars with children under a certain age. Arkansas have made the law of smoking with children under 14 effected in 2011 of July 27th. I think that’s a little young for a law of no smoking in the car with children. If I made a law of no smokingShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned?895 Words   |  4 PagesPeople smoke all over the world. Smoking has been around for many decades. Controlling the usage of smoking depends on the smoker. Believe it or not, the government has a huge part on this. In some countries, smoking in public or enclosed areas is banned. In the United States, the owner of any public place has the right to put a â€Å"No Smoking Area† sign. Unfortunately even wit h these regulations, the smoker doesn’t realize how smoking can be harmful to them and their surroundings; people are simplyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthis is not a choice. This creates the problem of second-hand smoke, which is more harmful than people think. What is worse is that people who inhale second-hand smoke are doing so without consent.Therefore smoking in any public place should be banned.Second-hand smoke is just as harmful as smoking and leads to a higher prevalence of cancer and heart disease. Many people smoke for enjoyment. Enjoyment is what an individual experience when they are having a good time. When an individual is enjoyingRead MoreSmoking Should Be Banned1031 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking is an expensive habit. Smokers’ claim that it helps relax them and relieves stress but there are more negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects. Smoking is a health hazard not only for smokers but also for non-smokers. Smokers have the right to choose what to do with their own body and wellbeing but they should respect non-smokers choice to not be subjected to the smoke. Many people believe that there are good and bad outcomes from smoking. I believe that smoking should beRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbreak. Even though people are well equipped with the knowledge of how unhealthy smoking can be and what can it causes to their hearts and lungs, they still choose to smoke. Nowadays smoking becomes a trend like a social media, and especially teenagers, are participating in this as well. Although smoking makes you a person feel relaxed from the stress, it harms the body of the smokers in the long run. We have known that smoking can kill us from past 50-60 years, and according to the World Health OrganizationRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?2248 Words   |  9 PagesSmoking was first used for medicinal purposes in the early 1600’s. As time continued tobacco began to be smoked through pipes and eventually became rolled in paper and tobacco leaves. After smoking started becoming mainstream, people began to think of this as a social way to fit in rather than thinking of the effects it can cause to their bodies. Although the harmful side effects of smoking are now public knowledge, people still continue to smoke. Smoking can cause health issues, not only to thoseRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Smoking?1263 Words   |  6 PagesBanning Public Smoking Do people know that cigarettes are responsible for more causalities each year than from HIV, illegitimate drug use, alcohol related incidents, and automobile calamities combined? It is one of the only permissible products that have been long-established to kill when used as intended. Tobacco usage is the main source of avoidable and premature death and disease worldwide according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medical studies have shown that smoking not onlyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1457 Words   |  6 Pagesis that more and more people smoke now than they have in the past. Smoking causes damage not only in the lungs, but also in the body, lips, or inside the mouth. Even though smoking does harm your body there are some good things that come from smoking. Like it can lower the risk of obesity, and knee replacement surgery. There are different types of lung cancer one for smoking and the other, nonsmoking. Although people are smoking, not only are adul ts getting lung cancer, but kids and teens are gettingRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotine in cigarettes is very addictiveRead MoreWhy Smoking Should Be Banned884 Words   |  4 PagesParagraph A. Every wonder why people smoke? Is smoking really healthy for them? How much does it cost an individual to smoke? What are the costs to society when people smoke? These are all questions that can easily be taken care of by banning cigarette smoking. It is really a disgusting sight to see a woman with a cigarette hanging out of her mouth. It is equally bad to see children with smoking cigarettes. B. Cigarette smoking should be banned, not only in restaurants but everywhere. When someone

A Model of Christian Charity by Governor Winthrop Article

Essays on A Model of Christian Charity by Governor Winthrop Article The paper "A Model of Christian Charity by Governor Winthrop" is a delightful example of an article on politics. The treatise â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† by Governor Winthrop seeks to inform Christians on how to care for one another in both ordinary and extraordinary circumstances. He takes much care in explaining the foundation of Christian giving before he tackles the questions that invariably arise when discussing matters of spirituality and wealth. Governor Winthrop makes it clear that there are several good reasons for giving on one’s substance with a cheerful heart. One reason to give to others is to follow the example of Jesus. Winthrop explains that Jesus gave all for humanity and as a result, sharing of wealth is necessary for us to understand that sacrifice. Love must be the motivating factor in Christian charity according to Governor Winthrop. Once a Christian understands how giving is linked to understanding Jesus, Winthrop says that giving will not appear to be such a burden. Many questions about Christian giving have been asked over the years by those with the wealth to give. Governor Winthrop suggests that God made both the rich and poor so that we could have the opportunity to give if we are wealthy and to receive with gratitude if we are poor. This way, we show one another that we truly are trying to be like Jesus. But how much should a person give, and to whom? Shouldn’t we be cautious with our givin g? What if our giving puts our family at a disadvantage? Governor Winthrop suggests that giving under normal circumstances allows the wealthy to keep fine houses and put aside inheritances for their children. But under unusual circumstances, the Christian may be asked to sacrifice home, wealthy and all security for the good of the community. Many references to individuals in the Bible are made by Governor Winthrop to prove his point. The treatise ends by suggesting that if those in a position to give do not do so; they may bring the displeasure of God down upon themselves and the entire community.

Consumers as Social Beings-Free-Samples for Student-Myassignement

Question: Discuss about the Consumers as Social Beings. Answer: Study background: Consumer behavior is an important point of consideration for businesses across the globe. Reputed firms across the globe do a wide amount of research works on understanding the consumer behavior of their target market segment. In course of the action, they also make huge investments in the different techniques that are required to analyze the consumer behavior (Badgaiyan Verma, 2015). Consumer behavior to shopping is influenced by various factors like their socio-cultural beliefs or traditions (Shen, Tai Liu, 2015). The study is aimed at understanding how Aldi in Australia uses the two social influences the cultural and the social-class to influence the buying behavior of their target customers. Conceptualizing the social and the cultural factors: Social influencing factors are all those that influence the buying behavior of customers. This can be of various kinds; however, the study is centric on just two social factors like the social-class and the various kinds of culture. Both the influences are being discussed separately in this study. Social-class can be understood as a classification that is being built upon the income-status, education, societal-status and others (Bhatti Latif, 2014). In this study, the focus is being centered on the income status only to make the topic more precise and understandable also. Income-status plays a vital role in influencing the buying behavior of customers. Customers do the purchase based on three factors such as needs, wants and demands (Fagerstrm, Pawar, Sigurdsson, Foxall Yani-de-Soriano, 2017). Needs is something that customer has to buy on a daily or a monthly basis. Here again, variations exist in the different income groups. Wants is something that customers aspire in the influen ce of the various external factors like they were being motivated by sales personnel or the word-of-mouth publicity of a particular product or the service (Saad Metawie, 2015). Demands means the desire which is also specific to different social groups. For example, the middle-income group may look for a much-reduced pricing on their needful products. On contrary to this, the high-income group people may look for products that speak of their buying potentials (Amos, Holmes Keneson, 2014). The other social influence chosen for this study is the different kinds of cultures which influence the buying behavior of consumers. The culture itself can have the influence of few factors like the social status of a group. If they belong to a middle-income group their buying culture gets develop accordingly. They may look for the discounted price which pays values to their needs and the expenses. On the other hand, the high-income group can be inclined to quality products or services irrespective of their prices (Grougiou, Moschis Kapoutsis, 2015). Some cultures are traditional whereas some are created. Moreover, some cultures can also be changed (Grougiou, Moschis Kapoutsis, 2015). From the aforesaid discussions on the concepts of social and cultural factors, it is very much clear that business across the globe does use such factors to influence the buying behavior of their target customers. Analyzing the social and the cultural aspects which Aldi uses to influence consumer's decision making on the purchase of grocery products: In this study also, the same discussion is being considered but in the reference of Aldi which is a world-renowned name in the retailing industry. The foundation was laid in Australia in 2001 (Corporate.aldi.com.au, 2018). Since then, they had moved the ladder of success with their attractive and appropriate strategies for their target customers. They are now well expanded to the popular cities in Australia. With over 500 stores throughout the country, the rivalry of Aldi has grown up and become threatening to the supermarket giants Woolworths and Coles (Corporate.aldi.com.au, 2018). The section covers a study on the strategies which Aldi uses to influence the buying behavior of customers. There is ample list of factors; however, the study is just confined to two social influences like the social-class and the culture. From the social-class perspectives, the company has targeted customers from different incomes-status like the high-income groups and the middle-income groups. Despite the selection, they have always tried or have remained confined to offer values to customers buy (Fernndez-Ferrn, Bande-Vilela, Klein del Ro-Arajo, 2015). Australians have embraced an attitude to purchase products which give values to their expenses since the global financial crisis (Fernndez-Ferrn, Bande-Vilela, Klein del Ro-Arajo, 2015). Additionally, online shopping through various e-commerce websites has made things tougher for physical stores. Customers now can avail products at a much competitive price and with the ease of purchasing through online e-commerce websites. A wide range of offers and the transparency of price on the online shopping platforms have significantly hampered the market values of two giants Woolworths and Coles. However, Aldi has always remained upfront and have accepted the truth which is evident in their strategies for pricing and product quality (Yan Yazdanifard, 2014). They have responded to the urgency created by the incrementing online shopping activities with their unmatched strategies for price and quality. They have maintained comparatively a limited number of sections for items than the other giants. Many of the products were being benchmarked against popular existing brands, so that, they could make the customers feel the difference. They are creating the difference by offering quality grocery products but at cheaper rates (Chen, Su Widjaja, 2016). Therefore, shoppers looking for values paid to their purchase are finding Aldi as their favorite selection. Hence, one of the unique selling points of Aldi has been its strategies for pricing and quality (Chen, Su Widjaja, 2016). The aforesaid facts regarding the Aldis strategy for price and quality can be understood from the scholarly views also. According to Grimmer, Kilburn Miles (2016), customers in most cases purchase only those products or services that paid values to their money and needs. As opined by Sudbury-Riley Kohlbacher (2016), customers whether belonging to different income-groups look for valuable products only. This means if they are making huge expenses on purchasing a product like a luxury car, they look for values from different perspectives like if it is comparatively better than other cars in the same range. In the opinion of Hong, Lin Hsieh (2017), customers are centric only to valued prices no matter whether they belong to a middle-income group or a large-income group. The few scholarly views just explain that it is advisable or recommendable to offer valued products or services to customers, so that; they could feel the worth of their buy. They may classify customers based on different types of income-groups; however, they need to offer only the valued products or services. In case of the Australian retail industry, it is indeed recommended to be cautious while offering the range of products or services to customers. This is because Australian customers are now more centric to quality and price. It was needed that Aldi shows some sign of potentiality, so that; the duopoly concept of the Australian retail market could be shaken. This was also needed that customers could feel the difference while buying from the physical stores as the retail industry has now extreme competition from online shopping platforms (Nwankwo, Hamelin Khaled, 2014). Aldi has responded to the urgency with a feat which is unmatched by even the giant retailers of Australia Woo lworths and Coles. This is also one of the reasons why Aldi is growing with market shares. From the cultural perspectives, Aldi has touched the core factors of consumer buying behavior. The core factors that Australians consider while building up a perception for shopping are the products value. They measure the value in regards to price and quality (Amos, Holmes Keneson, 2014). The Australian retail market has long experienced the duopoly ruling of Woolworths and Coles. Both the companies had competed to each other in regards to product quality and the discounted offers. However, the real blow has happened after the German Aldi arrived at the Australian market. Aldi had taken a rather different approach and as to which they were also being praised by customers. Nevertheless, word-of-mouth factor is very positive for Aldi which is one of the selling factors of the company (Bhatti Latif, 2014). Aldi was smarter enough and most importantly, it was strategically more established than the giant supermarket brands in Australia. This is the reason why Aldi was able to offer a competitive price on products. The products offered to customers were much cheaper and also higher in quality. They had kept on changing their product line but, were limited only to a comparatively lesser number of products line than the other giant firms. Additionally, grocery products were changed to make it more specific and fresh as well to satisfying the needs of the Australian customers. A very positive word-of-mouth for the company is the one factor that has worked in their favor (Badgaiyan Verma, 2015). Drawing on the theories of the chosen social influences, identify how marketing team in Aldi can utilize it to improve their marketing strategies: There are a few theories on the chosen social influences such as social-class and the culture like the Theory of Reasoned Action. The Theory of Reasoned Action states that customers have pre-existing attitudes for decision making. The core of the theory indicates that customers respond to the behavior based attitude which is aimed at attaining a particular outcome (Amos, Holmes Keneson, 2014). The theory could be related to most of the customers in the Australian retail market as they have a mindset for purchasing. They purchase only such things which provide values to their money. Another important theory in this regard is Engel, Kollet, Blackwell (EKB) Model which states that there are two phases which marketing team needs to consider while planning the promotion of the products. In the first phase, marketing team is being required to supply enough of related information, so that, customers could relate to it and short list that in their list of considerations. In the second phase , branding has an utmost value which could raise the possibilities of sales and influence the consumer decision making on purchase (Grougiou, Moschis Kapoutsis, 2015). In the light of the Theory of Reasoned Action, it can be said that the marketing team in Aldi needs to have elevated focus on consumer attitude of purchasing. They have already hit the core areas; however, they should keep on targeting the customer attitudes for purchasing. The Australian customers as understood from the discussion are more prone to discounted offers and quality products. They have loved so far the way Aldi does their marketing like the discounted offers and the appearance of branding products for a very limited period of time. However, the marketing team needs to continually monitor the changing behavior of Australian customers, so that, they could keep on relating to the customer's requirement. This way they could remain updated with the consumers decision-making behaviors, which are utterly required to remain competitive in the market and produce a much-improved competition to giant companies Woolworths and Coles (Corporate.aldi.com.au, 2018). Based on EKB Model, this can be said that marketing team at Aldi needs to put an elevated focus on the marketing contents which means the selection of appropriate contents. This is required to create a feeling of consideration in customers, so that, they come up with a mind to purchase the product. The rest of the work can be designed based on the second part of the EKB model that suggests the utilization of branding. This is required, so that, customers could feel they are in the right place despite knowing the fact that the same product is also available in stores of competitor companies. Content-wise, they need to look good and attractive in their advertisements may be through television ads or a website promotion (Grimmer, Kilburn Miles, 2016). Conclusion: Therefore, it was found that social-class and culture are two essential factors of social influences which enable the Australian customers to make the purchase decision. They figure out their needs based on the products value for their money. The different income groups differ to each other in regards to their needs, wants and demands; however, they are all on the same platform with what they mean by purchasing a product. The irrespective kinds of customers look for values for their expenses. Aldi has been an excellent example of a company which with its strategic moves has challenged the two giant Woolworths and Coles. Unlike other two giants, Aldi offers limited sections of items that also include fresh grocery products; however, they have been able to provide much value to customers expenses. They have done it with high-quality fresh grocery products being offered to customers at a comparatively cheaper price. References: Amos, C., Holmes, G. R., Keneson, W. C. (2014). A meta-analysis of consumer impulse buying.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), 86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.11.004] Badgaiyan, A. J., Verma, A. (2015). Does urge to buy impulsively differ from impulsive buying behavior? Assessing the impact of situational factors.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 145-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.10.002] Bhatti, K. L., Latif, S. (2014). The impact of visual merchandising on consumer impulse buying behavior.Eurasian Journal of Business and Management,2(1), 24-35. [DOI: 10.5897/AJBM11.2112] Chen, J. V., Su, B. C., Widjaja, A. E. (2016). Facebook C2C social commerce: A study of online impulse buying.Decision Support Systems,83, 57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dss.2015.12.008] Corporate.aldi.com.au. (2018).About ALDI - ALDI Australia. [online] Available at: https://corporate.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/ [Accessed 18 Mar. 2018]. Fagerstrm, A., Pawar, S., Sigurdsson, V., Foxall, G. R., Yani-de-Soriano, M. (2017). That personal profile image might jeopardize your rental opportunity! On the relative impact of the seller's facial expressions upon buying behavior on Airbnb.Computers in Human Behavior,72, 123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.029] Fernndez-Ferrn, P., Bande-Vilela, B., Klein, J. G., del Ro-Arajo, M. L. (2015). Consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity: antecedents and consequences.International Journal of Emerging Markets,10(1), 73-88. [DOI: 10.1108/IJOEM-11-2011-0102] Grimmer, M., Kilburn, A. P., Miles, M. P. (2016). The effect of purchase situation on realized pro-environmental consumer behavior.Journal of Business Research,69(5), 1582-1586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.021] Grougiou, V., Moschis, G., Kapoutsis, I. (2015). Compulsive buying: the role of earlier-in-life events and experiences.Journal of Consumer Marketing,32(4), 278-289. [DOI: 10.1108/JCM-01-2015-1283] Hong, J. C., Lin, P. H., Hsieh, P. C. (2017). The effect of consumer innovativeness on perceived value and continuance intention to use smartwatch.Computers in Human Behavior,67, 264-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.001] Nwankwo, S., Hamelin, N., Khaled, M. (2014). Consumer values, motivation and purchase intention for luxury goods.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(5), 735-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.05.003] Saad, M., Metawie, M. (2015). Store environment, personality factors and impulse buying behavior in Egypt: The mediating roles of shop enjoyment and impulse buying tendencies.Journal of Business and Management Sciences,3(2), 69-77. [DOI: 10.12691/jbms-3-2-3] Shen, B., Tai, L., Liu, D. (2015). The Influence of Sharing Evaluation Information on Consumer Buying Behavior in Social Commerce.International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology,8(6), 117-134. [DOI: 10.14257/ijunesst.2015.8.6.12] Sudbury-Riley, L., Kohlbacher, F. (2016). Ethically minded consumer behavior: Scale review, development, and validation.Journal of Business Research,69(8), 2697-2710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.005] Yan, Y. K., Yazdanifard, R. (2014). The concept of green marketing and green product development on consumer buying approach.Global journal of commerce and management perspective,3, 33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2003.06.002]

What is Bitcoin Mining Essay Example For Students

What is Bitcoin Mining? Essay Bitcoin Mining is the process of performing mathematical calculations by computer hardware to confirm bitcoin transactions and increase security. As a reward for your services, Bitcoin Miners can collect transaction fees for transactions they have confirmed and newly created Bitcoins.At the same time, you can think of Bitcoin Miner as an accountant and miner, because they do two jobs. They dig for the gold of the Internet: Bitcoin. In addition, they confirm the transactions and thus secure the Bitcoin network (accountant).There are countless of these miners scattered all over the world, regardless of time and place – Decentralized. The miners confirm all Bitcoin transactions A block is a record in the blockchain that contains and confirms many pending transactions. On average, about every 10 minutes, a new block incl. The transactions attached to the blockchain, this is done by mining.When a bitcoin is sent, the miners confirm this transaction. The details of the transaction are stored in a public ledger. The entire public ledger, which includes all the bitcoin blocks, is the blockchain. In this general ledger all transactions and details can be viewed. For this work of verification, the miners will be rewarded with the transaction fees. That’s why bitcoins are safe because the miners check and confirm the transactions. We will write a custom essay on What is Bitcoin Mining? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In addition to confirming the transactions, the miners are still playing lotto: Who can decrypt the next block first and add the block to the network. The â€Å"winner† is then rewarded with bitcoins and the block found is then added to the blockchain. With Bitcoin, a block is found every ten minutes and attached to the general ledger. The more power the miner has, the faster it will guess in the numbers and the faster the block can be added to the network. However, the â€Å"block finding† is set to ten minutes, so the difficulty of finding a block (Difficulty) increases as the miners become too fast. The difficulty is adjusted to the number or speed of the miners so that a block is released every 10 minutes. The more miners, the harder it is for individuals to mine bitcoins. Because of this, mining pools have sprung up. In this, miners join together and are remunerated proportionately for their hash performance. A mining pool makes finding and decrypting a block more likely because the hash rate of all miners works together. The hash rate is the unit of measure of the computing power of the Bitcoin network. For security reasons, the Bitcoin network must perform intensive mathematical operations. If the network reaches a hash rate of 10 TH / s, that means it can handle 10 trillion calculations per second. Conclusion: The amount of distributed Bitcoins halves approximately every four years, until the time when the limit of 21 million Bitcoins was reached. This is about to happen in 2140, after which the miners are paid on the transaction fees. Anyone can run Bitcoin Mining – even with his laptop A big factor here is always the electricity costs / hardware costs Bitcoin Mining Pools are a good alternative to invest in bitcoin mining(Many people join together buy hardware share all the bill and the profits are split by percentage) The more people participate in Bitcoin Mining, the more stable the network becomes The more power you provide, the more bitcoins you can generate Other digital cryptocurrencies can be minted